Skeletal System and Joints (General Human Anatomy & Physiology-II)

Skeletal System and Joints

The skeletal system is the framework of bones and connective tissues that provides structure, protection, and movement to the body.

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UNIT – I: Skeletal System and Joints

1. Introduction
2. Structure of Skeleton
3. Divisions of the Skeletal System
4. Functions of the Skeletal System
5. Structure, Classification and Functions of Bones
6. Joints and Their Types
7. Muscular System
8. Anatomy & Location of Skeletal Muscles
9. Types of Muscle Tissue
10. Physiology of Muscle Contraction

 

UNIT – I Skeletal System and Joints  Question of

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UNIT – I: Skeletal System and Joints

MCQ with explanation.

MCQ 1: Which of the following bones is part of the axial skeleton?
A. Femur
B. Humerus
C. Sternum
D. Pelvis
Correct Answer: C. Sternum
Explanation: The sternum (breastbone) is part of the axial skeleton, which includes the skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage.

MCQ 2: Which type of bone cell is responsible for breaking down bone tissue?
A. Osteoblast
B. Osteocyte
C. Osteoclast
D. Chondrocyte
Correct Answer: C. Osteoclast
Explanation: Osteoclasts break down bone tissue during bone resorption and remodeling.

MCQ 3: What is the outer layer of a bone called?
A. Periosteum
B. Endosteum
C. Marrow
D. Cartilage
Correct Answer: A. Periosteum
Explanation: The periosteum is a dense membrane covering the outer surface of bones except at the joints.

MCQ 4: Which of the following is a fibrous joint?
A. Skull suture
B. Knee
C. Shoulder
D. Elbow
Correct Answer: A. Skull suture
Explanation: Skull sutures are immovable fibrous joints found between bones of the skull.

MCQ 5: Which joint type allows rotation around a single axis?
A. Ball and socket
B. Saddle
C. Hinge
D. Pivot
Correct Answer: D. Pivot
Explanation: Pivot joints, such as the joint between the atlas and axis vertebrae, allow rotational movement.

MCQ 6: Which bone protects the brain?
A. Sternum
B. Femur
C. Cranium
D. Scapula
Correct Answer: C. Cranium
Explanation: The cranium (part of the skull) protects the brain.

MCQ 7: What initiates muscle contraction at the neuromuscular junction?
A. Calcium
B. Sodium
C. Acetylcholine
D. Potassium
Correct Answer: C. Acetylcholine
Explanation: Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction to initiate muscle contraction.

MCQ 8: Which connective tissue connects muscles to bones?
A. Ligaments
B. Cartilage
C. Tendons
D. Fascia
Correct Answer: C. Tendons
Explanation: Tendons attach muscles to bones and transmit the force needed for movement.

MCQ 9: Which muscle tissue is involuntary and found in the walls of internal organs?
A. Skeletal muscle
B. Smooth muscle
C. Cardiac muscle
D. Voluntary muscle
Correct Answer: B. Smooth muscle
Explanation: Smooth muscle is involuntary and found in walls of internal organs such as the stomach and intestines.

MCQ 10: Which protein blocks the myosin-binding sites on actin in a resting muscle?
A. Troponin
B. Tropomyosin
C. Myoglobin
D. Creatine
Correct Answer: B. Tropomyosin
Explanation: Tropomyosin covers the binding sites on actin filaments and prevents muscle contraction when the muscle is at rest.

MCQ 11: Which part of the skeleton includes the limbs?
A. Axial skeleton
B. Appendicular skeleton
C. Vertebral column
D. Skull
Correct Answer: B. Appendicular skeleton
Explanation: The appendicular skeleton includes the bones of the limbs and girdles (shoulder and pelvic).

MCQ 12: Which bone is the longest in the human body?
A. Humerus
B. Tibia
C. Femur
D. Radius
Correct Answer: C. Femur
Explanation: The femur, or thigh bone, is the longest and strongest bone in the human body.

MCQ 13: What type of joint is found in the shoulder and hip?
A. Hinge
B. Ball and socket
C. Pivot
D. Gliding
Correct Answer: B. Ball and socket
Explanation: Ball and socket joints allow movement in multiple directions and are found in the shoulder and hip.

MCQ 14: Which structure stores calcium in a muscle cell?
A. Sarcolemma
B. Myofibril
C. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
D. T-tubule
Correct Answer: C. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Explanation: The sarcoplasmic reticulum stores calcium ions, which are essential for muscle contraction.

MCQ 15: Which muscle type has striations and is under voluntary control?
A. Smooth
B. Skeletal
C. Cardiac
D. Involuntary
Correct Answer: B. Skeletal
Explanation: Skeletal muscle is striated and controlled voluntarily.

MCQ 16: What is the functional unit of a skeletal muscle fiber?
A. Myofibril
B. Sarcomere
C. Fascicle
D. Actin
Correct Answer: B. Sarcomere
Explanation: The sarcomere is the basic contractile unit of muscle fiber, composed of actin and myosin filaments.

MCQ 17: What connects two bones at a joint?
A. Tendon
B. Ligament
C. Cartilage
D. Fascia
Correct Answer: B. Ligament
Explanation: Ligaments are fibrous tissues that connect bones at joints and help stabilize them.

MCQ 18: What causes the 'lub-dub' sound in the heart, often confused with muscles?
A. Contraction of muscles
B. Opening of valves
C. Closing of valves
D. Movement of blood
Correct Answer: C. Closing of valves
Explanation: Though related to the cardiovascular system, the heart sound is due to the closing of valves—not muscles.

MCQ 19: Which joint provides the least range of motion?
A. Hinge joint
B. Ball and socket
C. Fibrous joint
D. Gliding joint
Correct Answer: C. Fibrous joint
Explanation: Fibrous joints (like skull sutures) are immovable and provide minimal range of motion.

MCQ 20: Which part of the bone contains red bone marrow?
A. Compact bone
B. Yellow marrow
C. Periosteum
D. Spongy bone
Correct Answer: D. Spongy bone
Explanation: Spongy bone, found at the ends of long bones and inside flat bones, contains red marrow where blood cells are produced.

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1stSemester	Progress
BVGE-105 Orientation in Para Clinical Science	30%
BVRMIT-103 Fundamentals of Radiology and Imaging	30%

2ndSemester	Progress
BVGE-102 General Human Anatomy & Physiology-II	30%
BVGE-112 Basics of Health Market & Economy	30%
BVRMIT-104 Patient Positioning & Clinical Radiography	30%
BVRMIT-106 Special Radiographic Procedure	30%
BVRMIT-108 Dark Room Techniques	30%
BVRMIT-110 Radiation Physics	30%
BVRMITP-114 Vocational Laboratory Training-II & Internship in Hospital	30%

1^st Semester

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Orientation in Para Clinical Science

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UNIT - 1 MICROBIOLOGY: Basic concepts Brief history of Microbiology with special reference to the contributions of Louis Pasteur, Robert Koch and others. Morphology and Physiology of Bacteria Classification and growth requirement of Bacteria Principles and uses of different kinds of Microscope, Sterilization and disinfection. VIRUS -General Properties of Virus, Herpes virus, Poliovirus, Hepatitis virus, Oncogenic virus.	30%
UNIT - 2 Immunology: Definition of Immunity, Types, development of B and T Lymphocytes, Hypersensitivity, Classification of Hypersensitivity, Immunological tests - Elisa, RIA, CRP, Western Blotting test, HBsAg.	30%
UNIT - 3 Applied Biotechnology - RDT (Recombinant DNA Technology) Genetic engineering and gene Cloning In Microorganism, Strategies of genetic engineering, Genetic engineering for human welfare (production of pharmaceuticals, Insects pest control Etc.)	30%
UNIT - 4 PATHOLOGY -Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy, Atrophy, Metaplasia, Cell Injury and Cell Death Necrosis, Apoptosis, Intracellular Accumulations, Lipids Proteins Glycogen Pigments Cellular Adaptations of Growth and Differentiation.	30%

Subjects: BVRMIT-103 Fundamentals of Radiology and Imaging

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BVRMIT-103

Fundamentals of Radiology and Imaging

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UNIT – 1 Basic concepts: Basic Units, Heat, Acoustics etc. Basic concepts of power, work, force, energy - Einstein’s formula - Electronics, Electricity & Magnetism, -electromagnetic waves -Units and measurements - temperature and heat-SI units of above parameters- atomic structure- Nucleus - Atomic Number, Mass Number electron orbit and energy levels-Periodic table -Isotopes-Isobars- Ionization and excitation.	30%
UNIT – 2 Electromagnetic induction: Electric charges-electric induction, Magnetism- Magnetic effect of an electric current, Radioactivity	30%
UNIT – 3 Interaction of X-and Gamma rays, Physics of Diagnostic, X-ray circuits – self rectifying circuits – half wave pulsating voltage circuits – full valve pulsating voltage circuits - measurement of high voltage – control of KV circuit – mA circuit. X-ray beam quality; X-Ray generators and circuits-Filament current and voltage, X-Ray circuits, primary circuit, X-ray tables-floating top table & variable height table. X-Ray Grids /Bucky	30%
UNIT – 4 Scattered Radiation, types of Grids - vertical bucky- versatile bucky -Stationary grid, parallel grid, focused grid – crossed grid, moving grid – Potter Bucky Diaphragm- Control of scattered radiation and grids/Bucky, Effects of scatter radiation on radiograph image quality, patient dose and occupational exposure, X-Ray Cassettes & Intensifying screens: Fluorescence	30%

2^nd Semester

Subjects-1: BVGE -102 General Human Anatomy & Physiology –II

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BVGE-102

General Human Anatomy & Physiology-II

2nd Semester

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General Human Anatomy & Physiology-II	Progress
UNIT – I Skeletal System and Joints: Introduction Structure of skeleton Divisions of skeletal system Functions of skeletal system Structure, Classification & Functions of bones Joints and its types, Muscular System, Anatomy & Location of Skeletal muscle, Types of Muscle Tissue, Physiology of muscle contraction.	33%
UNIT – II Digestive system: Introduction, basic anatomy of gastrointestinal tract (esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, pancreas), physiology of GIT. Excretory System: Introduction, Basic anatomy of kidney and associated organs, Nephron- structure & function, Mechanism of Excretion, Urine formation (Glomerular filtration and Tubular reabsorption),	30%
UNIT – III Cardio Vascular System: Introduction, general anatomy of heart and its functions, anatomy of vascular system (blood vessels), Blood circulation, heart’s conduction system, cardiac cycle, heart sounds, blood pressure. Respiratory System: Basic anatomy of respiratory system (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi & lungs), external & internal respiration, respiratory volumes & regulation of respiration.	30%
UNIT – IV Nervous System: Basic anatomy of brain and spinal cord, major types of cells in nervous system, neurons, divisions of nervous system, mechanism of nerve impulse. Reproductive System: male & female reproductive system, sex hormones, secondary sexual characteristics, spermatogenesis, oogenesis, menstrual cycle, pregnancy, menopause & contraceptive measures; Endocrine System: Brief introduction about glands and their secretion, classification of glands, endocrine & exocrine hormones (release, secretion, action).	30%

Subjects-2: BVGE -112 Basic of Health Market & Economy

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BVGE-112

Basics of Health Market & Economy

2nd Semester

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BVGE -112 Basic of Health Market & Economy	Progress
UNIT – I Health Care Market an Introduction: Main Problems in the Market for Health Care, Analyzing Health Care Markets. Demand-Side Considerations: Demand for Health and Health Care, Market for Health Insurance	0%
UNIT – II Supply-Side Considerations: Managed Care, Health Care Professionals, Hospital Services, Confounding Factors Public Policy in Medical Care: Policies to Enhance Access, Policies to Contain Costs, Health Care Systems of different countries.	10%
UNIT – III Health Sector in India: An Overview Health Outcomes; Health Systems; Health Financing, Evaluation of Health Programs Costing, Cost Effectiveness, Burden of, Diseases, Role of WHO, Health Care Budget: purpose, types & practices.	10%
UNIT – IV Health Economics: Fundamentals of Economics, Its Scope, coverage of Health Demand for Health Sciences, Health as an investment, Health &Economic Development, Tools of Economics-Concepts of need, demand, supply &; price in Health Services, Methods & Techniques of Economic Evaluation of Health Programs, Cost-effective methods-output & input analysis, Market, monopoly, perfect & imperfect competition.	10%

Subjects-3: BVRMIT-104 Patient Positioning & Clinical Radiography

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BVRMIT-104

Patient Positioning & Clinical Radiography

2nd Semester

10%

BVRMIT-104 Patient Positioning & Clinical Radiography	Progress
UNIT - 1 Extremities Radiography, Vertebral column, Skull Radiography, base of skull – Chest Radiography, Abdomen & Pelvic Radiography – all projection – the acute abdomen investigation.	0%
UNIT – 2 Soft tissue radiography, High and low KV Technique, Foreign body localization: Preparation – Anatomical localization – various projections – use of skin markers	10%
UNIT - 3 General Pediatric Radiography, Special needs of patient and radiographer – equipment considerations (use of dedicated equipment and accessories) and technical considerations & introduction of Geriatric radiography	10%
UNIT - 4 Operation theatre radiography, Trauma/Emergency Radiography, Limb fractures - Fracture of thoracic cage, spine, skull – GIT obstruction – lung collapse – pleural effusion – pneumo-thorax. Selection of suitable X-Ray equipment – patient position radiographic projections and sequence for each patient – modification of routine positioning, X-Ray tube and film – radiation protection – patient care	10%

Subjects-4: BVRMIT-106 Special Radiographic Procedures

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Special Radiographic Procedures

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UNIT – 1 Urinary system imaging (IVU, MCU, RGU) Revision of anatomy and physiology, clinical indications and contraindications - patient preparation - contrast media used and dosage.	0%
UNIT - 2 Gastrointestinal tract imaging (Barium swallow, Barium meal upper GI, Barium meal follow through, Barium enema, small bowel enema, distal colography, defecography). Revision of anatomy and physiology - clinical indications and contraindications.	10%
UNIT – 3 Biliary system (PTC, ERCP, T-Tube cholangiography, per-op. cholangiography) Sialography and sonography, clinical indications and contraindications - patient preparation - contrast media used and dosage	10%
UNIT - 4 Hysterosalpingography (HSG), Myelography: indications and contraindications – contrast used – patient preparation – injection technique – film sequence – projections – patient care, Basic introduction about: • Oral cholecystography/intravenous cholangiography • Dacrocystography • Arthrography • Discography	10%

Subjects-5: BVRMIT-108 Dark Room Techniques

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BVRMIT-108

Dark Room Techniques

2nd Semester

10%

BVRMIT-108 Dark Room Techniques	Progress
UNIT - 1 Dark room design and accessories Site, Layout and safe light compatibility X- Ray film and Image processing Composition of single and double coated radiographic films, structure of emulsion, film characteristics (speed, base + fog, gamma, latitude) ; effect of grain size on film response to exposure, interpretation of characteristics curve. Latent image formation	0%
UNIT – 2 process of film developing (composition of fixer, developer and other processing solution), common errors and faults while processing (densitometry), automatic processing (processing cycle), developer replenishment, silver recovery and economics. Image intensifiers and cassettes (structure and function) ; types of image intensifiers and relative advantage, loading and unloading of cassettes and their care/maintenance ; effects of kV and mA on variation of emitted radiation intensity, determination of relative speeds, film contrast, film screen contact. Film storage, handling.	10%
UNIT - 3 Cassettes Structure and function Types - single, gridded, film holder. Design features and consideration with loading/unloading Care and maintenance (cleaning) Grid Purpose and function, effect on radiation exposure, use of grid, structure and material, stationary, parallel, focused, cross-hatch Moving grids. Purpose, advantages, disadvantages.	10%
UNIT – 4 Intensifying screens Structure and functions, common phosphors used for determination of relative speeds, types, screen mounting, care and maintenance of film screen contact.	10%

Subjects-6: BVRMIT-110 Radiation Physics

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BVRMIT-110

Radiation Physics

2nd Semester

10%

BVRMIT-110 Radiation Physics	Progress
UNIT – 1 Sound& heat, The nature and propagation of sound wave (the characteristics of sound, wave theory), speed of sound in a material medium, intensity of sound, the decibel, Interference of sound waves, beats and diffraction, introduction of heat	0%
UNIT - 2 Electrostatics, Electric charge (positive and negative charge), Coulomb’s law, Electric field, electric potential and potential difference and equipotential lines	10%
UNIT - 3 Electricity and Magnetism, DC circuit, Ohm’s law, resistivity, series and parallel combination, EMF, Kirchhoff’s law, heating effect of current, Ammeter, voltmeter, Galvanometer. Magnets and magnetic field, force on an electric current in a magnetic field, force on electric charge moving in a magnetic field, magnetic field due to straight wire force between two parallel wires, Ampere’s law, electromagnet and solenoids.	10%
UNIT - 4 Electromagnetic Induction, (A.C. Circuit) Induced EMF, Faraday’s Law, Lenz’s law, EMF induced in a conductor, changing magnetic flux produces electric field, Transformer, Inductance, Energy stored in a magnetic field, resonance in A.C circuit. Light Index of refraction.	10%

Subjects-6: BVRMITP-114 Vocational Laboratory Training – II

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BVRMITP-114

Vocational Laboratory Training – II

2nd Semester

10%

BVRMITP-114 Vocational Laboratory Training – II	Progress
UNIT -1 Human Anatomy-II Demonstration of: • Nervous system from models. • Structure of eye and ear • Structural differences between skeletal, smooth and cardiac muscles. • Various bones • Various joints • Various parts of male & female reproductive system from models Human Physiology- II • To perform total platelet count. • To perform bleeding time. • To perform clotting time. • To study about CSF examination. • To study about intrauterine contraceptive devices. • To demonstrate microscopic structure of bones with permanent slides. • To demonstrate microscopic structure of muscles with permanent slides.	0%
UNIT -2 Patient Positioning & Clinical Radiography X ray of Upper & Lower Extremities • Hand • Forearm • Arm • Thigh • Leg • Foot • Shoulder Joints • Basic & special projection • Related radiological Pathology Pelvis Griddle • Basic & special projection BVRMITP-114 Vocational Laboratory Training – II • Related radiological Pathology Whole Spine Positioning • Cervical spine • Thoracic spine • Lumbar spine, sacrum and coccyx Paediatric Radiography • Special Positioning Views for all the X-Rays. Skull • Cranial bones and facial bone • Basic & special projections • Related radiological Pathology Neck, Thorax &Abdomen • Basic & special projection • Related radiological Pathology KUB • Basic & special projection • Related radiological Pathology	10%
UNIT-3 Special Radiographic Procedure • Radiography of Special radiological procedures, • Using contrast media as per syllabus. • Positioning, Patient preparation • Assistance while performing procedures.	10%
UNIT -4 Dark Room Techniques • X-ray Film / Image processing Techniques (including Dark Room Techniques) • X-ray cassettes • Intensifying screens • X-ray films types – basic film structure, quality, choosing films for differentstudies • dry & wet processing – Fixer –Developer –film processing, Methods, manualand automatic processing, conventional & modern image • processing rooms, image processing equipment’s – types & maintenance • day light systems • Intensifying screen, Fluorescence -structure of Intensifying screens • Screen unsharpness etc.	10%
UNIT-5 Radiation Physics • Study with charts, models & power point presentations • Atomic structure, • X-ray tubes, • X-ray circuits involving students to present and discuss. • Circuits demonstration by charts and ppt • Electrostatic demonstration by charts and ppt • Magnetics demonstration by charts	10%