Adrenal gland

1. Introduction 100%

Clinical Relevance of Adrenal Imaging
Hormonal Function and Systemic Role
Indications for Adrenal Ultrasound
Limitations and Challenges of Visualization

2. Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands 60%

Location: Suprarenal Position
Right vs Left Adrenal Shape and Size
Adrenal Cortex and Medulla Zones
Relationship to Kidney, IVC, Aorta, and Diaphragm

3. Technique and Patient Preparation 100%

Optimal Patient Positioning (Lateral, Oblique)
Scanning Approach (Intercostal, Subcostal)
Transducer Selection (High Frequency Curved/Linear)
Strategies to Overcome Bowel Gas Obstruction

4. Normal Adrenal Ultrasound Appearance 50%

Size and Shape of Adrenal Glands
Hypoechoic and Triangular or Y-Shaped Appearance
Neonatal vs Adult Visibility
Adjacent Structures for Landmark Identification

5. Adrenal Pathologies

1. Congenital Anomalies

Adrenal Hypoplasia
Ectopic Adrenal Tissue
Adrenal Cysts in Neonates

2. Infectious & Inflammatory Conditions

Tuberculosis Involving Adrenals
Fungal Infections (Histoplasmosis)
Autoimmune Adrenalitis

3. Hemorrhage & Trauma

Neonatal Adrenal Hemorrhage
Bilateral Hemorrhage and Shock Syndrome
Post-traumatic Hematoma

4. Cystic Lesions

Simple Adrenal Cysts
Hemorrhagic or Pseudocysts
Parasitic Cysts (Rare)

5. Neoplasms

Adrenal Adenoma
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Pheochromocytoma
Myelolipoma
Metastatic Lesions (Lung, Breast, Melanoma)

6. Endocrine Syndromes

Cushing’s Syndrome (Cortisol-Secreting Tumors)
Conn’s Syndrome (Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma)
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
Adrenal Incidentalomas

6. Interventional and Post-Treatment Imaging 0%

Adrenal Biopsy Guidance (Usually CT-guided)
Ultrasound Role in Follow-Up of Adrenal Masses
Post-Operative and Post-Radiotherapy Evaluation
Follow-up of Known Endocrine Tumors

7. Advanced Modalities and Differential Diagnosis 0%

Role of CT and MRI in Adrenal Evaluation
Functional Imaging (PET-CT, MIBG for Pheochromocytoma)
CEUS in Adrenal Mass Characterization
Differentiating Benign vs Malignant Adrenal Lesions

8. Case Studies and Quiz Section 0%

Clinical Case Reviews
Image-Based MCQs
Diagnostic Challenges
Pitfalls in Adrenal gland Ultrasound Interpretation

Kidney

1. Introduction 100%

Clinical Role of Renal Ultrasound
Indications in Nephrology and Urology
Contraindications and Limitations

2. Anatomy of the Kidneys 70%

Renal Cortex, Medulla, Sinus, and Pelvis
Renal Vasculature (Artery, Vein)
Ureteric Course
Anatomical Variants (Dromedary Hump, Column of Bertin)

3. Patient Preparation & Technique 100%

Hydration Requirements
Positioning (Supine, Oblique, Decubitus)
Transducer Selection and Frequency
Scanning Planes (Longitudinal and Transverse)

4. Normal Kidney Appearance 50%

Corticomedullary Differentiation
Echogenicity Compared to Liver/Spleen
Size and Renal Contour
Visualization of Ureteropelvic Junction (UPJ)

5. Renal Pathologies

1. Congenital Anomalies

Horseshoe Kidney
Ectopic Kidney
Duplex Collecting System
Renal Agenesis

2. Obstructive Uropathy

Hydronephrosis (Grading)
Ureteric Obstruction
Calculi (Renal, Ureteric)
PUJ Obstruction

3. Infections & Inflammatory

Acute Pyelonephritis
Renal Abscess
Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
Tuberculosis of Kidney

4. Cystic Diseases

Simple Renal Cyst
Complex Cysts
Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)
Medullary Sponge Kidney

5. Neoplasms

Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)
Angiomyolipoma
Oncocytoma
Wilms’ Tumor
Transitional Cell Carcinoma (Pelvicalyceal system)

6. Medical Renal Disease

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Cortical Thinning
Increased Echogenicity
Small Echogenic Kidneys

7. Vascular Disorders

Renal Artery Stenosis
Renal Vein Thrombosis
Infarct and Cortical Necrosis

6. Interventional and Post-Operative Imaging 0%

Post-Nephrostomy Tube Assessment
Renal Biopsy Planning and Monitoring
Post-Transplant Evaluation
Follow-up After Partial or Total Nephrectomy

7. Advanced Modalities and Differential Diagnosis 0%

Doppler Ultrasound in Renal Vascular Evaluation
CT and MRI for Renal Masses
CEUS in Complex Cysts and Masses
Elastography for Parenchymal Disease

8. Case Studies and Quiz Section 0%

Clinical Case Reviews
Image-Based MCQs
Diagnostic Challenges
Pitfalls in Renal Ultrasound Interpretation

Pancreas

1. Introduction 100%

Importance of Pancreatic Ultrasound
Clinical Relevance in GI and Endocrine Disorders
Indications and Limitations of Pancreatic Imaging

2. Anatomy of the Pancreas 70%

Head, Neck, Body, and Tail
Pancreatic Duct (Duct of Wirsung)
Surrounding Structures (CBD, Duodenum, Vessels)
Anatomical Variants and Landmarks

3. Patient Preparation & Imaging Technique 100%

Fasting Requirements
Patient Positioning and Scanning Windows
Transducer Choice and Imaging Planes
Techniques to Overcome Bowel Gas

4. Normal Pancreatic Appearance 40%

Size, Shape, and Margins
Echotexture and Echogenicity
Visualization of Pancreatic Duct
Vascular Landmarks (Splenic Vein, SMA)

5. Pancreatic Pathologies

1. Congenital Anomalies

Pancreas Divisum
Annular Pancreas
Ectopic Pancreatic Tissue

2. Inflammatory Conditions

Acute Pancreatitis
Chronic Pancreatitis
Pancreatic Pseudocyst
Abscess Formation

3. Cystic Lesions

Simple Pancreatic Cyst
Mucinous Cystic Neoplasm (MCN)
Serous Cystadenoma
IPMN (Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm)

4. Neoplastic Conditions

Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma
Neuroendocrine Tumors
Metastatic Lesions
Lymphoma Involving Pancreas

5. Ductal and Periductal Changes

Ductal Dilatation
Calculi in Pancreatic Duct
Strictures and Obstruction
Double Duct Sign

6. Interventional and Post-Therapy Imaging 0%

Ultrasound-Guided Drainage of Pseudocysts
EUS Overview for Pancreatic Biopsy
Post-Operative Pancreatic Bed Evaluation
Post-Endoscopic Interventions (Stent, Sphincterotomy)

7. Advanced Modalities and Differential Diagnosis 0%

Role of CT and MRI
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS)
Elastography in Chronic Pancreatitis
Differentiation of Mass vs. Focal Pancreatitis

8. Case Studies and Quiz Section 0%

Classic Pancreatic Case Scenarios
Sonographic Image-Based Questions
Common Diagnostic Pitfalls
Tips and Pearls in Pancreatic Ultrasound

Spleen

1. Introduction 100%

Clinical Relevance of Spleen Ultrasound
Role in Systemic and Abdominal Evaluation
Indications and Common Clinical Scenarios
Limitations and Pitfalls

2. Anatomy of the Spleen 70%

Location and Orientation
Vascular Supply (Splenic Artery and Vein)
Splenic Hilum and Ligamentous Attachments
Relationship to Surrounding Structures (Kidney, Diaphragm, Pancreas)

3. Patient Preparation & Technique 100%

Patient Positioning (Right Lateral Decubitus, Supine)
Breathing Techniques for Optimal Imaging
Transducer Selection and Imaging Planes
Systematic Scanning of the Spleen

4. Normal Sonographic Appearance 50%

Size and Shape
Echotexture and Echogenicity
Splenic Hilum and Vascular Landmarks
Variants (Accessory Spleen, Wandering Spleen)

5. Splenic Pathologies

1. Congenital and Anatomical Variants

Accessory Spleen
Asplenia / Polysplenia
Wandering Spleen

2. Traumatic Conditions

Splenic Laceration
Hematoma (Subcapsular, Intraparenchymal)
Splenic Rupture
Post-traumatic Pseudocyst

3. Infective and Inflammatory

Splenic Abscess
Fungal Infections
Granulomatous Disease (TB, Sarcoidosis)

4. Vascular Disorders

Splenic Infarction
Splenic Vein Thrombosis
Splenic Artery Aneurysm
Portal Hypertension-related Splenomegaly

5. Storage and Hematologic Disorders

Gaucher Disease
Amyloidosis
Sickle Cell Disease and Autosplenectomy
Hypersplenism

6. Cystic Lesions

Simple Splenic Cyst
Hydatid Cyst
Epidermoid Cyst
Post-traumatic Pseudocyst

7. Neoplastic Conditions

Splenic Hemangioma
Lymphoma
Metastasis
Angiosarcoma

6. Interventional and Post-Surgical Imaging 0%

Post-Splenectomy Changes
Splenic Artery Embolization
Post-traumatic Drainage Procedures
Identification of Residual or Accessory Spleen

7. Advanced Modalities and Differential Diagnosis 0%

Role of CT and MRI in Splenic Evaluation
CEUS in Splenic Masses and Trauma
Elastography for Splenomegaly Assessment
Differentiating Benign from Malignant Lesions

8. Case Studies and Quiz Section 0%

Clinical Case Reviews
Image-Based MCQs
Diagnostic Challenges
Pitfalls in Spleen Ultrasound Interpretation

Gallbladder & Biliary System

1. Introduction to Gallbladder & Biliary System 100%

Clinical Importance and Overview
Role in Digestion and Physiology
Common Indications for Biliary Ultrasound
Limitations and Contraindications

2. Anatomy of Gallbladder & Biliary Tree 40%

Gallbladder (Fundus, Body, Neck)
Cystic Duct
Common Bile Duct (CBD)
Intrahepatic and Extrahepatic Bile Ducts
Ampulla of Vater and Sphincter of Oddi
Relationship with Liver, Pancreas, Duodenum

3. Patient Preparation and Positioning 100%

Fasting Requirements
Standard Scanning Positions
Techniques to Improve Visualization
Respiratory Maneuvers and Patient Cooperation

4. Technical Approach to Ultrasound 100%

Transducer Selection (Curvilinear, High-Frequency)
Imaging Modes (B-mode, Color Doppler)
Machine Settings and Optimization
Common Artifacts in Biliary Imaging

5. Normal Sonographic Appearance 60%

Gallbladder Wall Thickness and Contents
CBD Diameter by Age
Normal Variants (Folded GB, Phrygian Cap)
Visualization of Intrahepatic Ducts
Flow in Portal Triad with Doppler

6. Gallbladder Pathologies 0%

1. Inflammatory Conditions

Acute Cholecystitis
Chronic Cholecystitis
Acalculous Cholecystitis
Emphysematous Cholecystitis

2. Gallstones and Sludge

Cholelithiasis
Gallbladder Sludge
Impacted Stones at Neck or Cystic Duct

3. Neoplastic Disorders

Gallbladder Polyps
Adenomyomatosis
Gallbladder Carcinoma

4. Other Abnormalities

Gallbladder Wall Thickening (Non-specific)
Porcelain Gallbladder
GB Perforation or Fistula

7. Biliary Tract Disorders 0%

1. Obstructive Disorders

Choledocholithiasis
Biliary Strictures
Obstructive Jaundice
Mirizzi Syndrome

2. Inflammatory and Infectious

Ascending Cholangitis
Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis
Recurrent Pyogenic Cholangitis

3. Congenital Anomalies

Biliary Atresia
Choledochal Cyst
Caroli’s Disease

4. Neoplasms

Cholangiocarcinoma
Ampullary Tumors
Metastases in Biliary Tract

8. Interventional and Post-Surgical Imaging 0%

Post-Cholecystectomy Findings
Biliary Stents and Drainage Catheters
Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC)
ERCP Findings and Follow-up
Post-surgical Complications (Leaks, Strictures)

9. Advanced Modalities and Differential Diagnosis 0%

Role of CT, MRI, and MRCP
Elastography in Cholestatic Diseases
Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound (CEUS)
Differentiating Malignancy from Benign Lesions

10. Case Studies and Quiz Section 0%

Clinical Case Reviews
Image-Based MCQs
Diagnostic Challenges
Pitfalls and Pearls in Gallbladder Imaging