Kidney

1. Introduction 100%

Clinical Role of Renal Ultrasound
Indications in Nephrology and Urology
Contraindications and Limitations

2. Anatomy of the Kidneys 70%

Renal Cortex, Medulla, Sinus, and Pelvis
Renal Vasculature (Artery, Vein)
Ureteric Course
Anatomical Variants (Dromedary Hump, Column of Bertin)

3. Patient Preparation & Technique 100%

Hydration Requirements
Positioning (Supine, Oblique, Decubitus)
Transducer Selection and Frequency
Scanning Planes (Longitudinal and Transverse)

4. Normal Kidney Appearance 50%

Corticomedullary Differentiation
Echogenicity Compared to Liver/Spleen
Size and Renal Contour
Visualization of Ureteropelvic Junction (UPJ)

5. Renal Pathologies

1. Congenital Anomalies

Horseshoe Kidney
Ectopic Kidney
Duplex Collecting System
Renal Agenesis

2. Obstructive Uropathy

Hydronephrosis (Grading)
Ureteric Obstruction
Calculi (Renal, Ureteric)
PUJ Obstruction

3. Infections & Inflammatory

Acute Pyelonephritis
Renal Abscess
Xanthogranulomatous Pyelonephritis
Tuberculosis of Kidney

4. Cystic Diseases

Simple Renal Cyst
Complex Cysts
Polycystic Kidney Disease (ADPKD)
Medullary Sponge Kidney

5. Neoplasms

Renal Cell Carcinoma (RCC)
Angiomyolipoma
Oncocytoma
Wilms’ Tumor
Transitional Cell Carcinoma (Pelvicalyceal system)

6. Medical Renal Disease

Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD)
Cortical Thinning
Increased Echogenicity
Small Echogenic Kidneys

7. Vascular Disorders

Renal Artery Stenosis
Renal Vein Thrombosis
Infarct and Cortical Necrosis

6. Interventional and Post-Operative Imaging 0%

Post-Nephrostomy Tube Assessment
Renal Biopsy Planning and Monitoring
Post-Transplant Evaluation
Follow-up After Partial or Total Nephrectomy

7. Advanced Modalities and Differential Diagnosis 0%

Doppler Ultrasound in Renal Vascular Evaluation
CT and MRI for Renal Masses
CEUS in Complex Cysts and Masses
Elastography for Parenchymal Disease

8. Case Studies and Quiz Section 0%

Clinical Case Reviews
Image-Based MCQs
Diagnostic Challenges
Pitfalls in Renal Ultrasound Interpretation