Peritoneum and Retroperitoneum

1. Introduction 100%

Importance of Peritoneal and Retroperitoneal Ultrasound
Indications: Ascites, Infection, Tumor Spread, Trauma
Challenges and Complementary Imaging (CT/MRI)

2. Anatomy Overview 70%

Peritoneal Cavity Divisions (Supramesocolic, Inframesocolic)
Lesser Sac and Greater Omentum
Retroperitoneal Spaces (Anterior, Perirenal, Posterior)
Key Landmarks: Aorta, IVC, Kidneys, Pancreas

3. Scanning Technique & Patient Prep 100%

Patient Positioning (Supine, Left/Right Lateral Decubitus)
Fluid-Dependent Windowing
Probe Selection: Curvilinear and Linear
Sweep Technique for Retroperitoneal Structures
Use of Color Doppler to Differentiate Vessels

4. Normal Sonographic Findings 50%

Anechoic Potential Space (No Free Fluid)
Visualizing Peritoneal Reflections
Normal Bowel and Omental Movement
Retroperitoneal Fat Planes and Organ Borders

5. Peritoneal Pathologies

1. Fluid Collections

Ascites (Transudative vs Exudative)
Hemoperitoneum
Peritoneal Abscess
Retroperitoneal Abscess
Urinoma (Peritoneal or Retroperitoneal)
Chylous Ascites
Lymphocele (Post-surgical)
Seroma
Pancreatic Pseudocyst

2. Infectious and Inflammatory

Peritonitis (Localized or Generalized)
Tuberculous Peritonitis
Post-surgical Adhesions (Indirect Signs)
Retroperitoneal Phlegmon
Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
Mesenteric Lymphadenitis
Omental Infarction

3. Peritoneal Tumors

Peritoneal Carcinomatosis
Peritoneal Mesothelioma
Pseudomyxoma Peritonei
Peritoneal Inclusion Cysts

6. Retroperitoneal Pathologies

1. Retroperitoneal Masses

Retroperitoneal Lymphadenopathy (Reactive or Malignant)
Retroperitoneal Sarcomas (e.g., Liposarcoma, Leiomyosarcoma)
Teratomas and Germ Cell Tumors
Neuroblastoma (Pediatric)
Desmoid Tumor
Metastatic Retroperitoneal Deposits
Lymphoma (Hodgkin/Non-Hodgkin)

2. Retroperitoneal Fibrosis

Hypoechoic Sheet around Aorta/IVC
Associated Ureteric Obstruction
Secondary Fibrosis (Drug-Induced, Malignancy-Related)

3. Trauma and Hemorrhage

Retroperitoneal Hematoma (Spontaneous, Trauma, Anticoagulation)
Aortic Aneurysm with Retroperitoneal Rupture
Post-biopsy or Postoperative Bleeding
Psoas Muscle Injury or Hematoma

4. Vascular and Hemorrhagic Conditions

Aortic Aneurysm with Retroperitoneal Rupture
Retroperitoneal Hematoma (Trauma, Anticoagulation)
Hemorrhagic Fluid Collection
Post-biopsy or Intervention-Related Bleeding
Hemorrhagic Cyst or Seroma

7. Postoperative & Interventional Imaging 0%

Monitoring Drainage in Peritoneal Abscess
Post-surgical Fluid or Collection
Detection of Anastomotic Leak
Biopsy Guidance for Retroperitoneal Masses Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis
Post-surgical Fluid Collections
Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Findings
Post-transplant Lymphocele or Hematoma

8. Advanced Techniques and Comparison 0%

Liposarcoma
Cystic Lymphangioma
Extraperitoneal Air (Pneumoretroperitoneum)
Encapsulating Peritoneal Sclerosis
Amyloidosis involving Retroperitoneum (rare)

9. Advanced Techniques and Comparison 0%

Contrast-Enhanced Ultrasound in Peritoneal Disease
CT vs Ultrasound for Retroperitoneal Evaluation
MRI in Retroperitoneal Fibrosis
Limitations and False Positives

10. Case Studies and Quiz Section 0%

Ascites: Benign vs Malignant Clues
Peritoneal vs Retroperitoneal Mass Differentiation
Emergency Scenarios (Trauma, Hemorrhage)
MCQs and Image-Based Interpretation Practice