Adrenal gland

1. Introduction 100%

Clinical Relevance of Adrenal Imaging
Hormonal Function and Systemic Role
Indications for Adrenal Ultrasound
Limitations and Challenges of Visualization

2. Anatomy of the Adrenal Glands 60%

Location: Suprarenal Position
Right vs Left Adrenal Shape and Size
Adrenal Cortex and Medulla Zones
Relationship to Kidney, IVC, Aorta, and Diaphragm

3. Technique and Patient Preparation 100%

Optimal Patient Positioning (Lateral, Oblique)
Scanning Approach (Intercostal, Subcostal)
Transducer Selection (High Frequency Curved/Linear)
Strategies to Overcome Bowel Gas Obstruction

4. Normal Adrenal Ultrasound Appearance 50%

Size and Shape of Adrenal Glands
Hypoechoic and Triangular or Y-Shaped Appearance
Neonatal vs Adult Visibility
Adjacent Structures for Landmark Identification

5. Adrenal Pathologies

1. Congenital Anomalies

Adrenal Hypoplasia
Ectopic Adrenal Tissue
Adrenal Cysts in Neonates

2. Infectious & Inflammatory Conditions

Tuberculosis Involving Adrenals
Fungal Infections (Histoplasmosis)
Autoimmune Adrenalitis

3. Hemorrhage & Trauma

Neonatal Adrenal Hemorrhage
Bilateral Hemorrhage and Shock Syndrome
Post-traumatic Hematoma

4. Cystic Lesions

Simple Adrenal Cysts
Hemorrhagic or Pseudocysts
Parasitic Cysts (Rare)

5. Neoplasms

Adrenal Adenoma
Adrenocortical Carcinoma
Pheochromocytoma
Myelolipoma
Metastatic Lesions (Lung, Breast, Melanoma)

6. Endocrine Syndromes

Cushing’s Syndrome (Cortisol-Secreting Tumors)
Conn’s Syndrome (Aldosterone-Producing Adenoma)
Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia (CAH)
Adrenal Incidentalomas

6. Interventional and Post-Treatment Imaging 0%

Adrenal Biopsy Guidance (Usually CT-guided)
Ultrasound Role in Follow-Up of Adrenal Masses
Post-Operative and Post-Radiotherapy Evaluation
Follow-up of Known Endocrine Tumors

7. Advanced Modalities and Differential Diagnosis 0%

Role of CT and MRI in Adrenal Evaluation
Functional Imaging (PET-CT, MIBG for Pheochromocytoma)
CEUS in Adrenal Mass Characterization
Differentiating Benign vs Malignant Adrenal Lesions

8. Case Studies and Quiz Section 0%

Clinical Case Reviews
Image-Based MCQs
Diagnostic Challenges
Pitfalls in Adrenal gland Ultrasound Interpretation