Spine Posterior coronal plane

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Posterior coronal plane of the fetus demonstrating the spine, scapula, and ribcage. This plane is helpful when spinal deformities are suspected.

Spine-vertebral body Spine completely seen in one view, no interruption, no deformities, vertebral bodies ossified after 12 weeks
Ribs scapulae- Ribs visualized, symmetrical, scapulae visualized Skin over the spine- Intact skin covering the spine, no irregular shape

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Note: Select English to answer in English, या हिंदी चुनें तो प्रश्नों के उत्तर हिंदी में दीजिए।

1. What is the posterior coronal plane of the fetal spine used to demonstrate? 1. भ्रूणीय मेरुदণ্ড के पोस्टेरियर कोरोनल प्लेन का उपयोग किस चीज़ को दिखाने के लिए किया जाता है?
A. Visualization of the posterior elements and skin covering to assess for open neural tube defects
B. Measurement of femur length
C. Placental cord insertion site
D. Fetal stomach position only

2. The key sonographic landmark in the posterior coronal view is: 2. पोस्टेरियर कोरोनल व्यू में मुख्य सोनोग्राफिक लैंडमार्क क्या है?
A. Continuous linear echogenic posterior skin line and vertebral ossification centers
B. Fetal heart rate tracing
C. Umbilical artery Doppler only
D. Amniotic fluid index numeric value

3. Which abnormality is best detected on a posterior coronal plane? 3. पोस्टेरियर कोरोनल प्लेन पर कौन सी असामान्यता सबसे अच्छी तरह दिखती है?
A. Open spina bifida (myelomeningocele) with disrupted skin line
B. Cleft palate only
C. Gastroschisis only
D. Clubfoot only

4. Which technique improves visualization in the posterior coronal plane? 4. पोस्टेरियर कोरोनल प्लेन में दृश्यता बेहतर करने के लिए कौन सी तकनीक मददगार है?
A. Obtain true coronal orientation with high-frequency transducer and use gentle maternal breath-hold or probe angulation
B. Only maternal ECG
C. Increase room lighting only
D. Lowering transducer frequency always

5. A disrupted/absent posterior skin line suggests: 5. टूटी या अनुपस्थित पोस्टेरियर स्किन लाइन क्या संकेत देती है?
A. A potential open spinal defect (eg myelomeningocele)
B. Normal variant in all cases
C. Always indicates sacrococcygeal teratoma
D. Only indicates limb anomaly

6. Which additional view complements the posterior coronal plane to evaluate the spine? 6. मेरुदण्ड का मूल्यांकन करने के लिए पोस्टेरियर कोरोनल प्लेन को पूरा करने वाला कौन सा अतिरिक्त व्यू है?
A. Sagittal midline view of the spine to assess continuity and level of defect
B. Transverse thorax only
C. Maternal pelvic inlet view
D. Fetal foot coronal view

7. Posterior coronal scanning is useful to look for which spinal malformations? 7. पोस्टेरियर कोरोनल स्कैनिंग किस किस्म की मेरुदण्ड असामान्यताएँ देखने में उपयोगी है?
A. Open spina bifida, large meningocele/encephalocele extension, and segmentation anomalies affecting posterior elements
B. Only renal agenesis
C. Only cardiac septal defects
D. Only limb polydactyly

8. Which fetal condition can obscure posterior coronal evaluation? 8. कौन सी भ्रूणीय स्थिति पोस्टेरियर कोरोनल मूल्यांकन को छिपा सकती है?
A. Oligohydramnios, unfavorable fetal position, or posterior placenta limiting acoustic window
B. Increased femur length only
C. Placental calcifications only
D. Maternal eye color

9. If posterior coronal plane raises suspicion for defect, next steps include: 9. यदि पोस्टेरियर कोरोनल प्लेन दोष का संदेह जताए तो अगले कदम क्या होने चाहिए?
A. Perform confirmatory sagittal and transverse spine views, consider fetal MRI and detailed anomaly scan
B. Immediate maternal surgery
C. No further imaging needed
D. Only repeat fetal heart auscultation

10. Which statement about reporting posterior coronal findings is correct? 10. पोस्टेरियर कोरोनल निष्कर्षों की रिपोर्ट करने के बारे में कौन सा कथन सही है?
A. Describe skin line continuity, level and length of any defect, associated cranial findings and recommend further imaging if abnormal
B. Only report fetal sex
C. Always conclude normal regardless of image
D. Report only fetal weight

Spine midsagittal Plane

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Midsagittal view of the fetus in a dorsoposterior position demonstrating the fetal spine. Note the beginning of ossification of vertebral bodies and the intact skin covering the back.

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Note: Select English to answer in English, या हिंदी चुनें तो प्रश्नों के उत्तर हिंदी में दीजिए।

1. What is the midsagittal plane of the fetal spine primarily used to assess? 1. भ्रूणीय मेरुदंड के मिडसैजिटल प्लेन का प्राथमिक उपयोग किसके मूल्यांकन के लिए किया जाता है?
A. Continuity of vertebral bodies, posterior elements and alignment to detect spinal defects n
B. Fetal femur length measurement
C. Placental location only
D. Amniotic fluid index only

2. Key sonographic landmarks in the midsagittal spine view include: 2. मिडसैजिटल स्पाइन व्यू में मुख्य सोनोग्राफिक लैंडमार्क कौन से हैं?
A. Linear column of vertebral ossification centers, intact posterior skin line, and normal spinal curvature
B. Fetal hand movements only
C. Umbilical cord coiling only
D. Maternal heart rate tracing

3. Which abnormality is best evaluated on the midsagittal plane? 3. मिडसैजिटल प्लेन पर कौन सी असामान्यता सबसे अच्छा आंकी जाती है?
A. Segmentation anomalies, hemivertebrae, and level/extent of open neural tube defects
B. Cleft lip only
C. Gastroschisis only
D. Clubfoot only

4. What does interruption of the posterior skin line on midsagittal view indicate? 4. मिडसैजिटल व्यू पर पोस्टेरियर स्किन लाइन का बीच में टूटना क्या सूचित करता है?
A. Possible open spinal defect (eg myelomeningocele) requiring further evaluation
B. Normal variant always
C. Only indicates limb anomaly
D. Maternal abdominal scar

5. Which complementary view is usually obtained along with midsagittal plane? 5. मिडसैजिटल प्लेन के साथ कौन सा पूरक व्यू आमतौर पर लिया जाता है?
A. Posterior coronal plane to evaluate skin continuity and lateral posterior elements
B. Transverse abdomen only
C. Maternal pelvic inlet only
D. Fetal hand coronal view only

6. How can fetal position or maternal habitus affect midsagittal imaging? 6. भ्रूण की स्थिति या मातृ शरीर गठन मिडसैजिटल इमेजिंग को कैसे प्रभावित कर सकते हैं?
A. Unfavorable fetal position, posterior placenta or maternal obesity may limit acoustic window and require maternal repositioning or probe angulation
B. They never affect imaging
C. Only affects fetal heart rate
D. Only affects maternal blood pressure

7. Which finding on the midsagittal view suggests vertebral segmentation anomaly? 7. मिडसैजिटल व्यू पर कौन सा लक्षण कशेरुक विभाजन असामान्यता का सुझाव देता है?
A. Irregular spacing or missing ossification centers and abnormal curvature
B. Only increased femur length
C. Only a cleft lip
D. Only placenta previa

8. If a spinal abnormality is suspected on midsagittal imaging, which investigation is useful next? 8. यदि मिडसैजिटल इमेजिंग पर मेरुदंड असामान्यता का संदेह हो, तो अगली उपयोगी जाँच कौन सी है?
A. Perform transverse and coronal spine views and consider fetal MRI for detailed spinal cord and soft-tissue assessment
B. Immediate maternal surgery
C. No further imaging needed
D. Only repeat maternal blood tests

9. How should findings on the midsagittal spine plane be reported? 9. मिडसैजिटल स्पाइन प्लेन पर निष्कर्षों की रिपोर्ट कैसे की जानी चाहिए?
A. Describe level of spine imaged, skin line continuity, vertebral body appearance, curvature and recommend further imaging if abnormal
B. Only report fetal sex
C. Always conclude normal without comment
D. Report only estimated fetal weight

10. Which prenatal condition can mimic an apparent spinal defect on midsagittal view (false positive)? 10. कौन सी गर्भकालीन स्थिति मिडसैजिटल व्यू पर एक दिखने वाले स्पाइनल दोष (झूठा सकारात्मक) की नक्कल कर सकती है?
A. Shadowing/artifact, transient fetal flexion, or cranial positioning — repeat views and alternate planes help clarify
B. Only maternal cough
C. Always indicates a true defect
D. Only indicates placenta previa

Left and right parasagittal planes of fetal Upper extremities

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Following the initial approach with the axial-oblique planes and for more detailed evaluation of the extremities, we recommend tilting the transducer from the midsagittal plane to left and right parasagittal planes to visualize the left and right arms and legs.

Section Structure

1. 1- Foot
2. 2- Lower leg
3. 3- Upper leg

Once the lower extremity is demonstrated in the parasagittal oblique plane the transducer is slightly rotated and the image magnified to display the foot and toes as shown here. This approach allows for the anatomic assessment of the lower leg, foot, and toes.

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Note: Select English to answer in English, या हिंदी चुनें तो प्रश्नों के उत्तर हिंदी में दीजिए।

1. What is the parasagittal plane of the fetal upper extremity best used to visualize? 1. भ्रूणीय ऊपरी अंग के पैरा-सैजिटल प्लेन का उपयोग सबसे अच्छा किसे देखने के लिए होता है?
A. Longitudinal view of humerus, radius/ulna continuity and soft-tissue contour
B. Only the fetal abdomen
C. Placental cord insertion
D. Maternal uterine artery flow

2. Key landmarks on parasagittal upper limb view include: 2. पैरा-सैजिटल ऊपरी अंग व्यू में मुख्य लैंडमार्क कौन से हैं?
A. Humeral shaft continuity, joint outlines (shoulder/elbow), and overlying soft tissues
B. Fetal urinary bladder only
C. Only placental lakes
D. Maternal spine

3. Which abnormality is well assessed on parasagittal views of the upper extremity? 3. ऊपरी अंग के पैरा-सैजिटल व्यू पर कौन सी असामान्यता अच्छी तरह आंकी जा सकती है?
A. Long-bone fractures, focal shortening (phocomelia), angulation or soft-tissue limb defects
B. Fetal renal agenesis only
C. Placenta previa only
D. Maternal ovarian cyst

4. How does probe orientation differ for left vs right parasagittal upper limb imaging? 4. बायां और दायां पैरा-सैजिटल ऊपरी अंग इमेजिंग के लिए प्रोब की अभिविन्यास कैसे भिन्न होती है?
A. Probe tilt and transducer position are adjusted to follow the longitudinal axis of the limb — mirror technique applied for opposite side
B. No adjustment needed between sides
C. Always use transverse abdomen preset
D. Only maternal breathing matters

5. What complementary views are useful with parasagittal limb scans? 5. पैरा-सैजिटल लिम्ब स्कैन के साथ कौन से पूरक व्यू उपयोगी होते हैं?
A. Transverse and coronal limb views to evaluate cross-sectional bone shape and joint relationships
B. Only maternal pelvic coronal
C. Placental grading only
D. Maternal thyroid scan

6. Which measurement can be obtained reliably in a parasagittal upper limb view? 6. पैरा-सैजिटल ऊपरी अंग व्यू में कौन सा माप विश्वसनीय रूप से लिया जा सकता है?
A. Long bone length (humerus) and assessment of diaphyseal continuity
B. Only head circumference
C. Amniotic fluid only
D. Fetal placental surface area

7. What technical challenge is commonly encountered when imaging fetal upper limbs parasagittally? 7. पैरा-सैजिटल तरीके से भ्रूणीय ऊपरी अंग की इमेजिंग में आमतौर पर कौन सी तकनीकी चुनौती आती है?
A. Fetal movement or flexed limb position causing incomplete visualization — requires patience and repeated attempts
B. Only maternal glucose levels
C. Maternal age
D. Always perfect imaging

8. If a limb abnormality is suspected, what next step is appropriate? 8. यदि अंग में असामान्यता का संदेह हो, तो अगला उपयुक्त कदम क्या है?
A. Obtain orthogonal views (transverse/coronal), document measurements, consider targeted fetal anatomy scan and genetic counselling
B. Immediate maternal surgery
C. No documentation required
D. Only repeat maternal blood pressure

9. How should findings of unilateral limb shortening be reported? 9. एकतरफा अंग की छोटाई के निष्कर्षों को कैसे रिपोर्ट किया जाना चाहिए?
A. Report which limb (left/right), measured lengths, comparison with normal reference for gestation, associated anomalies and recommendation for follow-up
B. Report only fetal sex
C. Always call it normal
D. Report only maternal age

10. Which prenatal condition may mimic limb defects on parasagittal imaging (false positive)? 10. पैरा-सैजिटल इमेजिंग पर कौन सी गर्भकालीन स्थिति अंग दोषों की नक्कल कर सकती है (झूठा सकारात्मक)?
A. Transient fetal flexion, acoustic shadowing, or suboptimal angle of insonation — repeat and alternate planes help
B. Only maternal fever
C. Always true defect
D. Only placenta previa

Axial-oblique planes of fetal lower limbs

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The lower extremities can be demonstrated in an axial view at the level of the pelvis as shown here. This view shows both legs and feet.

Section Structure

1. 1- Foot
2. 2- Lower leg
3. 3- Upper leg

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Note: Choose language and side. Replace placeholders with your ultrasound images if available.

Axial-Oblique Planes — Left & Right (Fetal Lower Limbs)

Left Axial-Oblique — example

[Left lower limb ultrasound image placeholder]

Caption: Oblique section showing distal femur/tibia and joint contours (Left)

Right Axial-Oblique — example

[Right lower limb ultrasound image placeholder]

Caption: Oblique view of femoral epiphysis/ankle (Right)

1. Axial-oblique planes of the fetal lower limb are particularly useful for: 1. भ्रूणीय निचले अंग के अक्षीय-ओब्लीक प्लेन्स विशेष रूप से किसके लिए उपयोगी हैं?
A. Evaluating oblique cortical surfaces, epiphyseal contours and subtle fracture lines of femur/tibia
B. Only measuring abdominal circumference
C. Evaluating placenta only
D. Maternal bladder

Explanation: Oblique insonation of curved cortices of femur/tibia reveals cortical breaks and epiphyseal irregularities.

2. What probe choice improves axial-oblique lower limb imaging? 2. किस प्रोब के चयन से अक्षीय-ओब्लीक निचले अंग इमेजिंग में सुधार होता है?
A. High-frequency linear or small footprint transducer with slight rotational adjustments
B. Use no gel
C. Only a phased-array cardiac probe
D. Any probe without adjustments

Explanation: A high-frequency probe increases resolution for cortical and epiphyseal detail; small-footprint helps access intercostal or pelvic windows if needed.

3. Which artifact can axial-oblique planes help reduce in lower limb scans? 3. निचले अंग स्कैन में अक्षीय-ओब्लीक प्लेन्स किस आर्टिफैक्ट को कम करने में मदद कर सकते हैं?
A. Beam-shadowing over curved cortical surfaces by altering the insonation angle
B. Only skin reverberation
C. Always increases noise
D. Only affects maternal ECG

Explanation: Changing the angle can bypass shadowing and better show cortical integrity.

4. Which abnormality of the lower limb is best assessed with axial-oblique imaging? 4. निचले अंग की किस असामान्यता का आकलन अक्षीय-ओब्लीक इमेजिंग से बेहतर किया जाता है?
A. Complex fractures, epiphyseal irregularity, and subtle cortical defects of femur/tibia
B. Only bladder outlet obstruction
C. Only placental abruption
D. Maternal ovarian cyst

Explanation: Oblique sections give clearer depiction of fracture angulation and epiphyseal involvement than single-axis views.

5. What complementary planes should be obtained with axial-oblique lower limb scans? 5. अक्षीय-ओब्लीक निचले अंग स्कैन के साथ कौन से पूरक प्लेन लिए जाने चाहिए?
A. Orthogonal transverse and longitudinal views for correlation and measurement
B. Only maternal pelvis coronal
C. Only fetal brain axial
D. None

Explanation: Multiple planes confirm findings and help localize lesions precisely.

6. How should images be labeled for suspected lower limb abnormality? 6. संदिग्ध निचले अंग की असामान्यता के लिए छवियों को कैसे लेबल किया जाना चाहिए?
A. Include side (L/R), plane (axial-oblique), anatomical level (proximal/distal) and measurement markers
B. No labels needed
C. Only date
D. Only patient ID

Explanation: Clear labels ensure accurate comparison with contralateral side and future studies.

7. When should fetal MRI be considered after axial-oblique lower limb findings? 7. अक्षीय-ओब्लीक निचले अंग निष्कर्षों के बाद भ्रूणीय एमआरआई कब विचार किया जाना चाहिए?
A. When soft-tissue, cartilaginous or joint extent needs higher contrast resolution beyond ultrasound
B. For all normal scans
C. Never
D. Only for maternal convenience

Explanation: MRI is useful when ultrasound is limited in defining soft-tissue extent or complex joint involvement.

8. Common limitation when imaging fetal lower limbs in axial-oblique planes: 8. अक्षीय-ओब्लीक प्लेन्स में भ्रूणीय निचले अंगों को इमेज करने में सामान्य सीमा क्या है?
A. Fetal motion, fetal position and suboptimal insonation angles may limit visualization
B. Only maternal diet
C. No limitations
D. Only fetal gender

Explanation: Motion and positioning are common issues; repeated attempts and maternal repositioning can help.

9. Which finding can mimic cortical break on oblique view (false positive)? 9. ओब्लीक व्यू पर कौन सा निष्कर्ष कॉर्टिकल ब्रेक की नकल कर सकता है (झूठा सकारात्मक)?
A. Anisotropy or acoustic shadowing at the cortical edge — confirm with orthogonal planes
B. Only placental lakes
C. Only maternal rash
D. None

Explanation: Angle-dependent artifacts can simulate cortical discontinuity; correlate across planes to avoid misdiagnosis.

10. Documentation recommended for suspected complex lower limb lesion: 10. संदिग्ध जटिल निचले अंग घाव के लिए अनुशंसित दस्तावेजीकरण क्या है?
A. Multiple plane images, side, measurements, cortical/epiphyseal description and recommendation for referral
B. Only fetal sex
C. Only maternal BP
D. None

Explanation: Detailed documentation supports multidisciplinary decision-making and serial comparison.

Left and right parasagittal planes of fetal Upper extremities

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Once the upper extremity is demonstrated in the parasagittal oblique plane the transducer is slightly rotated and the image magnified to display the hand and fingers as shown here. This approach allows for the anatomic assessment of the lower arm, hand, and fingers. out a single umbilical artery, which can be associated with other fetal malformations.

Section Structure

Parasagittal oblique plane demonstrating the three segments of an upper extremity:

1. Upper arm
2. Lower arm
3. Hand with fingers

The hands with fingers are often better seen in the first trimester than later on in gestation.

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Note: Choose language and side. Images are example placeholders — replace with your ultrasound images later.

Parasagittal Planes — Left & Right (Fetal Upper Extremities)

Left Parasagittal — example

[Left upper limb ultrasound image placeholder]

Caption: Longitudinal view of humerus & soft tissues (Left)

Right Parasagittal — example

[Right upper limb ultrasound image placeholder]

Caption: Longitudinal view of humerus & soft tissues (Right)

1. The parasagittal plane of the fetal upper extremity is best for visualizing: 1. भ्रूणीय ऊपरी अंग का पैरा-सैजिटल प्लेन सबसे अच्छा किसे देखने के लिए है?
A. Longitudinal continuity of humerus, radius/ulna and overlying soft tissue
B. Only fetal abdomen
C. Placental insertion
D. Maternal aorta

Explanation: Parasagittal views follow the long axis of the limb and best show bone continuity and soft-tissue contour.

2. Which landmark confirms correct parasagittal orientation? 2. कौन सा लैंडमार्क सही पैरा-सैजिटल अभिविन्यास की पुष्टि करता है?
A. Continuous linear echogenic cortex of the diaphysis with visible joint outline
B. Only fetal stomach
C. Umbilical cord only
D. Maternal pelvis

Explanation: A continuous cortex and identifiable joints indicate an aligned longitudinal plane.

3. Left vs right imaging difference is primarily achieved by: 3. बाएं और दाएं इमेजिंग में मुख्य अंतर किससे प्राप्त होता है?
A. Mirror positioning of transducer and minor rotational tilt to follow limb axis
B. Changing to obstetric preset only
C. Maternal breathing pattern
D. No difference

Explanation: The sonographer mirrors probe approach on the contralateral side to obtain equivalent views.

4. Which finding on parasagittal view suggests a limb fracture? 4. पैरा-सैजिटल व्यू में कौन सा लक्षण अंग के फ्रैक्चर का संकेत देता है?
A. Cortical discontinuity or angulation with surrounding soft-tissue swelling
B. Only increased AFI
C. Placental calcification
D. Maternal uterine fibroid

Explanation: Direct visualization of cortical break or sharp angulation supports fracture diagnosis.

5. Best complementary plane with parasagittal is: 5. पैरा-सैजिटल के साथ सबसे अच्छा पूरक प्लेन कौन सा है?
A. Transverse and coronal views to evaluate cross-sectional and joint relationships
B. Maternal abdominal view only
C. Fetal head sagittal only
D. None

Explanation: Orthogonal planes corroborate bone shape, alignment and joint status.

6. When documenting left-sided abnormality, report should include: 6. बायीं ओर की असामान्यता का दस्तावेजीकरण करते समय रिपोर्ट में क्या शामिल करना चाहिए?
A. Side (left), measurements, displacement/angulation and suggested follow-up
B. Only maternal age
C. Only fetal sex
D. Nothing

Explanation: Clear documentation of laterality and measurements is essential for management and follow-up.

7. Technical challenge common to parasagittal scans: 7. पैरा-सैजिटल स्कैन में सामान्य तकनीकी चुनौती क्या है?
A. Fetal movement and limb flexion causing incomplete view — repeat and patience needed
B. Only maternal blood sugar
C. Always perfect imaging
D. Only fetal heartbeat

Explanation: Motion and position often require repeated attempts and slight probe adjustments.

8. How to label saved images for clarity? 8. स्पष्टता के लिए सहेजी गई छवियों को कैसे लेबल करें?
A. Include side (L/R), plane (parasagittal), anatomical level and measurement markers
B. No label
C. Only date
D. Only time

Explanation: Descriptive labels prevent confusion and help comparisons during follow-up or multidisciplinary review.

9. Which measurement is reliable in parasagittal limb view? 9. पैरा-सैजिटल लिम्ब व्यू में कौन सा माप विश्वसनीय है?
A. Long-bone length (humerus) if image is along long axis
B. Head circumference only
C. Placental thickness only
D. Maternal height

Explanation: Accurate long-axis imaging yields reliable humeral length measurements when aligned correctly.

10. If a suspected abnormality is found on left parasagittal view, next step: 10. यदि बायें पैरा-सैजिटल व्यू पर संशयास्पद असामान्यता मिलती है, तो अगला कदम क्या है?
A. Obtain orthogonal views, compare contralateral side and consider referral for tertiary scan/MRI
B. Immediate surgery
C. Ignore it
D. Only repeat maternal blood tests

Explanation: Confirmation with multiple planes and contralateral comparison reduces false positives and guides management.

Axial-oblique planes of fetal upper limbs

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The upper extremities in the first trimester can be demonstrated in an axial view at the level of the face, thorax, or upper abdomen as shown here.

Section Structure

1. 1- Hand and finger
2. 2- Lower arm
3. 3- Upper arm

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Note: Choose language and side. Replace placeholders with your ultrasound images if available.

Axial-Oblique Planes — Fetal Upper Limbs

Axial-Oblique Left Upper Limb

[Ultrasound image placeholder: Left humerus/forearm in axial-oblique view]

Caption: Left upper limb bone/joint oblique imaging

Axial-Oblique Right Upper Limb

[Ultrasound image placeholder: Right humerus/forearm in axial-oblique view]

Caption: Right upper limb bone/joint oblique imaging

1. What are axial-oblique planes of the fetal upper limb useful for? 1. भ्रूणीय ऊपरी अंग के अक्षीय-ओब्लीक प्लेन्स किसके लिए उपयोगी हैं?
A. Visualizing complex bone contours, joint surfaces and soft-tissue across oblique angles
B. Only placental position
C. Only fetal heart
D. Maternal kidneys

Explanation: Oblique planes reduce artifact and improve visualization of limb joints and contours.

Fetal Abdomen and Pelvis coronal plane

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A coronal oblique plane of the mid-abdomen and pelvis is obtained to demonstrate the right and left kidneys. This is achieved by turning the transducer 90 degrees from the axial plane at the level of the mid-abdomen and sliding obliquely to display both kidneys in the same view. Color Doppler may be added to demonstrate both renal arteries, thus confirming the presence of both kidneys. This step is not necessary however, especially when the kidneys are easily demonstrated on Gray scale ultrasound. Abnormalities that can be detected by the axial and coronal planes of the fetal abdomen and pelvis include abdominal wall defects, abnormal situs, urogenital anomalies with or without megacystis, intraabdominal cystic structures, bowel dilation, single umbilical artery, and others.

Section Structure

1. 1- Kidneys
2. 2- Lung
3. 3- Ribs
4. 4- Spine
5. 5- Pelvic bones
6. 6- Cord insertion
7. 7- Bladder
8. 8- Two umbilical arteries

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Note: Select language. Replace the placeholder image with your ultrasound image if available. This quiz covers coronal imaging of fetal abdomen & pelvis.

Coronal Plane — Fetal Abdomen & Pelvis

Coronal View — Abdomen & Pelvis

[Ultrasound image placeholder: Fetal abdomen & pelvis coronal view]

Caption: Frontal (coronal) section showing abdominal organs and pelvic structures

1. Which organs are commonly seen in a coronal fetal abdominal scan? 1. कोरोनल भ्रूणीय उदर स्कैन में आमतौर पर कौन से अंग देखे जाते हैं?
A. Liver, stomach, kidneys and urinary bladder
B. Only brain structures
C. Placenta and umbilical cord only
D. Fetal limbs only

Explanation: Coronal sections display frontal views of abdominal viscera and the bladder in the pelvis.

2. The coronal plane divides the body into which parts? 2. कोरोनल प्लेन शरीर को किन भागों में विभाजित करता है?
A. Anterior (front) and posterior (back)
B. Left and right halves
C. Superior and inferior
D. Oblique sections only

Explanation: Coronal plane is vertical, separating front from back anatomical compartments.

3. Which pelvic finding is best assessed on coronal pelvic views? 3. कोरोनल पेल्विक व्यू पर कौन सा पेल्विक निष्कर्ष सबसे अच्छा आंका जाता है?
A. Bladder outlet obstruction and pelvic kidney anomalies
B. Fetal lung maturation
C. Only umbilical cord knots
D. Placental calcification

Explanation: Coronal pelvic images show bladder, ureters and pelvic organs helpful for obstruction or ectopia detection.

4. How does coronal imaging help detect malrotation or situs anomalies? 4. कोरोनल इमेजिंग कैसे मालरोटेशन या साइटस असामान्यताओं का पता लगाने में मदद करती है?
A. By showing organ positions relative to midline and each other (eg liver, stomach, spleen)
B. Only by Doppler flow
C. By measuring femur length
D. It does not help

Explanation: Coronal views demonstrate left-right organ relationships and can reveal heterotaxy or malposition.

5. Which sign on coronal view suggests urinary tract dilation? 5. कोरोनल व्यू पर किस संकेत से मूत्र मार्ग का फैलाव संकेतित होता है?
A. Enlarged renal pelvis and dilated ureters projecting into pelvis
B. Small stomach only
C. Increased femur echogenicity
D. Placental lakes

Explanation: Coronal imaging can show continuity of dilated collecting systems into the pelvis and bladder.

6. What is a limitation of coronal fetal abdomen imaging? 6. भ्रूणीय उदर की कोरोनल इमेजिंग की क्या सीमा है?
A. Limited by fetal position and acoustic window — may need complementary planes
B. Always provides complete information
C. Only limited by maternal blood pressure
D. Only used for Doppler

Explanation: Like other planes, coronal views can be limited by fetal lie, maternal habitus and bowel gas.

7. Which complementary view is essential with coronal imaging? 7. कोरोनल इमेजिंग के साथ कौन सा पूरक व्यू अनिवार्य है?
A. Axial (transverse) and sagittal views for full anatomical correlation
B. Only maternal leg view
C. Only head circumference
D. No complementary view needed

Explanation: Orthogonal planes confirm location, extent and relationships of findings seen on coronal sections.

8. How should coronal images be labeled in the report? 8. रिपोर्ट में कोरोनल छवियों को कैसे लेबल किया जाना चाहिए?
A. Indicate orientation (coronal), side (L/R if applicable), anatomical level and any measurements
B. Only date
C. Only technician initials
D. No labeling

Explanation: Proper labeling ensures reproducibility and clarity for follow-up or multidisciplinary review.

9. Which finding on coronal view may be a false positive and needs confirmation? 9. कोरोनल व्यू पर कौन सा निष्कर्ष झूठा सकारात्मक हो सकता है और पुष्टि की आवश्यकता है?
A. Apparent renal pelvic dilation due to transient fetal bladder filling or angle of insonation
B. True diaphragmatic hernia only
C. Always indicates chromosomal anomaly
D. Only indicates oligohydramnios

Explanation: Dynamic factors and viewing angle can mimic dilatation; confirm with multiple planes and repeat imaging.

10. What should the report include when coronal imaging shows an abnormality? 10. जब कोरोनल इमेजिंग में असामान्यता दिखाई दे तो रिपोर्ट में क्या शामिल होना चाहिए?
A. Description of abnormality, measurements, orientation, suggested follow-up or additional imaging (eg axial/sagittal, MRI)
B. Only technician name
C. Only fetal gender
D. No details—just "abnormal"

Explanation: Detailed documentation guides management, helps specialists and assists future comparisons.

Fetal Abdomen and Pelvis axial plane

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The three axial planes are in almost parallel orientation and include the axial plane in the upper abdomen, the axial plane in the mid-abdomen, and the axial plane in the pelvis.

Section Structure

1. Stomach
2. Liver
3. Rib

The second plane, the mid-abdomen plane, is obtained at the level of the cord insertion into the abdomen in order to confirm integrity of the anterior abdominal wall. It is important to note the absence of any abnormal hyperechoic or anechoic structures in the abdomen and pelvis as this may suggest the presence of fetal malformations. The kidneys can be occasionally seen in the posterior abdomen due to their increased echogenicity and due to the anechoic renal pelvis. It is often difficult however to see the kidneys in the first trimester on the transabdominal axial plane.

Section Structure

1. 6- Cord insertion

The third plane is obtained in the pelvis and demonstrates a normally filled urinary bladder. The length of the filled bladder (obtained in sagittal length) should be less than 7 mm. Color Doppler is added to this plane to demonstrate the two umbilical arteries surrounding the bladder and this is performed for three purposes:
(1) To confirm that the anechoic structure is the bladder, especially if the bladder is mildly filled-
(2) To confirm with color Doppler the closed anterior abdominal wall-
(3) To rule out a single umbilical artery, which can be associated with other fetal malformations.

Section Structure

1. 4- Bladder
2. 5- Two umbilical arteries
3. 6- Cord insertion