UNIT 1: Microbiology
Table of Contents
- 1.1 Basic Concepts
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1.2 Brief History of Microbiology
- Contributions of Louis Pasteur
- Contributions of Robert Koch
- Other notable contributors
- 1.3 Morphology and Physiology of Bacteria
- 1.4 Classification and Growth Requirements of Bacteria
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1.5 Microscopy
- Principles of Microscopes
- Types and Uses of Microscopes
- 1.6 Sterilization and Disinfection
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1.7 Viruses - General Properties
- Herpes Virus
- Poliovirus
- Hepatitis Virus
- Oncogenic Virus
UNIT – I Microbiology Question of
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A. Edward Jenner
B. Robert Koch
C. Louis Pasteur
D. Alexander Fleming
Correct Answer: C. Louis Pasteur
Explanation: Louis Pasteur is known as the "Father of Microbiology" for his pioneering work in germ theory and fermentation.
MCQ 2: Robert Koch is best known for discovering the causative agent of:
A. Cholera
B. Tuberculosis
C. Rabies
D. Influenza
Correct Answer: B. Tuberculosis
Explanation: Robert Koch identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis as the cause of tuberculosis.
MCQ 3: Which of the following is NOT a shape of bacteria?
A. Cocci
B. Bacilli
C. Spirilla
D. Amoeboid
Correct Answer: D. Amoeboid
Explanation: Amoeboid shape is not typical for bacteria; it's a shape of protozoa like Amoeba.
MCQ 4: Which bacterial structure is responsible for motility?
A. Capsule
B. Pili
C. Flagella
D. Ribosomes
Correct Answer: C. Flagella
Explanation: Flagella are tail-like structures that help bacteria move.
MCQ 5: Bacteria that require oxygen for growth are called:
A. Anaerobic
B. Facultative anaerobes
C. Aerobic
D. Microaerophilic
Correct Answer: C. Aerobic
Explanation: Aerobic bacteria need oxygen to grow and survive.
MCQ 6: What is the purpose of a Gram stain in microbiology?
A. To count bacteria
B. To differentiate bacteria based on cell wall structure
C. To kill bacteria
D. To measure bacterial growth rate
Correct Answer: B. To differentiate bacteria based on cell wall structure
Explanation: Gram staining classifies bacteria as Gram-positive or Gram-negative based on peptidoglycan content.
MCQ 7: Which microscope uses ultraviolet light and fluorescence?
A. Compound microscope
B. Electron microscope
C. Phase-contrast microscope
D. Fluorescence microscope
Correct Answer: D. Fluorescence microscope
Explanation: A fluorescence microscope uses UV light to excite fluorochromes in the specimen.
MCQ 8: Which type of microscope has the highest resolution?
A. Light microscope
B. Compound microscope
C. Electron microscope
D. Dissecting microscope
Correct Answer: C. Electron microscope
Explanation: Electron microscopes provide the highest resolution among available microscopes.
MCQ 9: Which method is used for sterilization of heat-sensitive liquids?
A. Incineration
B. Autoclaving
C. Filtration
D. Dry heat
Correct Answer: C. Filtration
Explanation: Filtration is used to sterilize heat-sensitive solutions by removing microbes physically.
MCQ 10: Which disinfectant is commonly used in hospitals?
A. Ethanol
B. Phenol
C. Glutaraldehyde
D. Chlorine
Correct Answer: C. Glutaraldehyde
Explanation: Glutaraldehyde is a high-level disinfectant often used for medical equipment.
MCQ 11: Viruses are considered:
A. Eukaryotic organisms
B. Prokaryotic organisms
C. Non-living outside host cells
D. Capable of independent reproduction
Correct Answer: C. Non-living outside host cells
Explanation: Viruses require a host cell to replicate and are inactive outside it.
MCQ 12: What genetic material do viruses contain?
A. Only DNA
B. Only RNA
C. DNA or RNA
D. Both DNA and RNA simultaneously
Correct Answer: C. DNA or RNA
Explanation: Viruses can have either DNA or RNA, but not both.
MCQ 13: Which virus causes cold sores?
A. Poliovirus
B. Herpes simplex virus
C. Hepatitis B virus
D. Influenza virus
Correct Answer: B. Herpes simplex virus
Explanation: Herpes simplex virus type 1 typically causes cold sores.
MCQ 14: Poliovirus primarily affects which system of the human body?
A. Digestive
B. Respiratory
C. Nervous
D. Circulatory
Correct Answer: C. Nervous
Explanation: Poliovirus attacks motor neurons, causing paralysis.
MCQ 15: Which hepatitis virus is most commonly transmitted through contaminated water?
A. Hepatitis A
B. Hepatitis B
C. Hepatitis C
D. Hepatitis D
Correct Answer: A. Hepatitis A
Explanation: Hepatitis A is commonly spread through the fecal-oral route via contaminated food or water.
MCQ 16: Oncogenic viruses are known to:
A. Cause cancer
B. Attack red blood cells
C. Induce fever only
D. Kill nerve cells
Correct Answer: A. Cause cancer
Explanation: Oncogenic viruses, such as HPV, can integrate into host DNA and cause cancer.
MCQ 17: What is the main component of a bacterial cell wall?
A. Cellulose
B. Peptidoglycan
C. Chitin
D. Lipids
Correct Answer: B. Peptidoglycan
Explanation: Peptidoglycan provides strength and rigidity to bacterial cell walls.
MCQ 18: Bacterial growth can be measured by:
A. Height
B. Optical density
C. Viscosity
D. pH
Correct Answer: B. Optical density
Explanation: Spectrophotometers measure optical density to estimate bacterial population in a culture.
MCQ 19: The term “sterilization” means:
A. Killing all viruses only
B. Removal of pathogens
C. Complete destruction of all forms of microbial life
D. Reducing microbes to a safe level
Correct Answer: C. Complete destruction of all forms of microbial life
Explanation: Sterilization eliminates all living organisms including spores.
MCQ 20: Which of the following scientists disproved spontaneous generation with his swan-neck flask experiment?
A. Robert Hooke
B. Joseph Lister
C. Louis Pasteur
D. Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
Correct Answer: C. Louis Pasteur
Explanation: Louis Pasteur's swan-neck flask experiment demonstrated that microbes come from other microbes, not spontaneous generation.
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