Urinary Bladder

1. Introduction 100%

Importance of Bladder Ultrasound in Urology
Common Clinical Indications (UTI, Hematuria, Retention)
Benefits and Limitations
Role in Emergency, Routine, and Post-Surgical Settings

2. Anatomy and Orientation 100%

Bladder Wall Layers and Normal Thickness
Trigone, Dome, and Neck of the Bladder
Ureteric Orifices and Internal Urethral Opening
Male vs Female Pelvic Anatomy Relationships

3. Scanning Technique 100%

Transabdominal Scanning Approach
Probe Selection (Curvilinear or Phased Array)
Patient Prep – Full Bladder Protocol
Longitudinal and Transverse Views
Bladder Volume Estimation (L × W × H × 0.52)

4. Normal Bladder Sonographic Appearance 100%

Anechoic Fluid-Filled Appearance
Smooth Contour and Symmetric Shape
Wall Thickness: Normal < 3 mm (Distended)
Visualization of Ureteric Jets with Color Doppler

5. Urinary Bladder Pathologies

1. Inflammatory and Infectious

Cystitis
Emphysematous Cystitis
Schistosomiasis (Calcified Bladder Wall)
Urinary Bladder Tuberculosis
Cystitis Glandularis
Bladder Malacoplakia

2. Obstructive and Structural

Bladder Diverticulum
Trabeculated Bladder
Bladder Neck Obstruction
Urethral Valves in Pediatric Patients
Neurogenic Bladder
Congenital Megaureter

3. Masses and Neoplasms

Bladder Tumors (Papillary, Sessile)
Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC)
Post-radiation Changes
Benign Masses and Polyps
Primary Bladder MALToma
Bladder Metastasis
Bladder Pheochromocytoma

4. Calculi and Foreign Bodies

Bladder Stones – Echogenic with Shadowing
Vesical Calculus / Bladder Calculus
Ureterovesical Calculus
Ureteric Calculus
Prostato-Urethral Calculus
Catheter-Related Findings
Foreign Bodies: IUCD, Stents Migrated

6. Post-Void and Volume Studies 30%

Pre- and Post-Void Volume Assessment
Post-Void Residual (PVR) Calculation
Use in Neurogenic Bladder Evaluation
Biofeedback and Monitoring Protocols

7. Interventional & Post-Surgical Evaluation 0%

Suprapubic Catheter Evaluation
Post-TURBT Monitoring
Cystotomy Site Ultrasound
Role After Bladder Repair or Reconstruction

8. Case Studies and Quiz Section 0%

Bladder Tumor Detection Case
Diverticulum vs Cyst Case
Image-Based Questions on Bladder Pathologies
Interpretation Challenges and Pitfalls