Ureter

1. Normal Anatomy 00%

Upper, Mid, and Lower Thirds of Ureter
Ureteropelvic Junction (UPJ)
Ureterovesical Junction (UVJ)
Relationship with Kidney, Bladder, and Psoas Muscle
Normal Wall Thickness and Lumen Caliber
Challenges in Visualizing Non-Dilated Ureter

2. Ureteric pathology 00%

1. Obstructive Pathologies

Ureteric Calculus – Bright Echogenic Foci with Posterior Acoustic Shadowing
UVJ Calculus – Common Cause of Acute Obstruction
Ureterocele – Anechoic Rounded Bulge within Bladder Wall
Hydroureter – Dilated Tubular Ureteral Segment
Congenital Megaureter – Fusiform Dilatation
Ureteric Strictures – Narrowed, Non-compliant Segments
Vesicoureteral Reflux (VUR) – Indirect Signs in Children

2. Neoplastic and Infiltrative Lesions

Transitional Cell Carcinoma (TCC) of Ureter
Urothelial Masses with Intraluminal Growth
Invasion from Adjacent Malignancy (Cervical, Colorectal)

3. Functional Evaluation

Ureteric Peristalsis – Wave-like Movements on Real-Time Scanning
Use of Color Doppler to Assess Ureteric Jets into Bladder
Absent or Reduced Jet Suggests Obstruction
Comparison of Bilateral Ureteric Jet Frequency

3. Ureter Case Studies and Quiz Section 0%

Clinical Case Review
Image-Based Quiz: Identify Ureteric Calculus
Doppler Flow Quiz: Intermittent vs Absent Ureteric Jet
Pitfalls: Mistaking Bowel Gas for Dilated Ureter