Echocardiography Abbreviations

Although the development of ultrasonography permits accurate delinea tion of normal heart anantomy and the diagnosis of numerous structual lesions of heart, for obtaining information sufficient to make a diagnosis of normal or abnormal cardiac structures or function, or both, a good qual ity echocardiographic examination is still necessary. Aim of this chapter is to help the beginner to know how to perform the operations by intraducing the basic examination techniques and by presenting the standard views, including the grayscale cross-sections of heart, the color and pulsed Doppler adding physiolgic indictors to the anatomic images, section struc tures, measuring method, normal value and the clinical application value.

General

Abbreviation	Meaning
HT	Heart
US	Ultrasound
EPSS	Mitral valve E-point to septal separation

Chambers

Abbreviation	Meaning
RA	Right atrium
LA	Left atrium
LAA	Left atrial appendage
RV	Right ventricle
LV	Left ventricle
LVAW	Left ventricular anterior wall
LVPW	Left ventricular posterior wall
LVOT	Left ventricular outflow tract
RVAW	Right ventricular anterior wall
RVOT	Right ventricular outflow tract

Valves

Abbreviation	Meaning
MV	Mitral valve
MV-AN	Mitral valve anterior
AML	Anterior mitral leaflet
PML	Posterior mitral leaflet
AMV	Anterior mitral valve
AV	Aortic valve
PV	Pulmonary valve
TV	Tricuspid valve
ATL	Anterior tricuspid leaflet
PTL	Posterior tricuspid leaflet
STL	Septal tricuspid leaflet

Great Vessels

Abbreviation	Meaning
Ao	Aorta
AA	Abdominal aorta
AAr	Aortic arch
AoA	Arch of aorta
AoAW	Aorta anterior wall
AoPW	Aorta posterior wall
DAo	Descending aorta
IVC	Inferior vena cava
SVC	Superior vena cava
PA	Pulmonary artery
MPA	Main pulmonary artery
LPA	Left pulmonary artery
RPA	Right pulmonary artery
RIPA	Right inferior pulmonary artery
RSPA	Right superior pulmonary artery

Pulmonary Veins

Abbreviation	Meaning
LPV	Left pulmonary vein
LSPV	Left superior pulmonary vein
RPV	Right pulmonary vein

Coronary Circulation

Abbreviation	Meaning
LCC	Left coronary cusp
RCC	Right coronary cusp
NC	Noncoronary cusp
CS	Coronary sinus

Septal Structures

Abbreviation	Meaning
IAS	Interatrial septum
IVS	Interventricular septum

Other Structures

Abbreviation	Meaning
PM	Papillary muscles
APM	Anterior papillary muscles
PPM	Posterior papillary muscles
MB	Moderator band
E	Esophagus
RBCA	Right brachiocephalic artery
LCCA	Left common carotid artery
LSCA	Left subclavian artery
LK	Left kidney
R-L	Right lung

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Abbreviation	Meaning	Recommended Position	Probe Angle / Window
HT	Heart	Left lateral decubitus	Parasternal / Apical
US	Ultrasound	Depends on view	Standard echo windows
EPSS	Mitral valve E-point to septal separation	Supine / Left lateral	Parasternal long-axis, M-mode

Abbreviation	Meaning	Recommended Position	Probe Angle / Window
RA	Right atrium	Supine	Apical 4-chamber, Subcostal
LA	Left atrium	Left lateral	Apical 4-chamber, PLAX
LAA	Left atrial appendage	Supine	TEE mid-esophageal
RV	Right ventricle	Supine	PLAX RV inflow, Apical 4-chamber
LV	Left ventricle	Left lateral	PLAX, Apical 4/2-chamber
LVAW	LV anterior wall	Left lateral	PLAX, Apical 2-chamber
LVPW	LV posterior wall	Left lateral	PLAX
LVOT	LV outflow tract	Left lateral	PLAX, Apical 5-chamber
RVAW	RV anterior wall	Supine	Apical 4-chamber
RVOT	RV outflow tract	Supine	PSAX at great vessels

Abbreviation	Meaning	Recommended Position	Probe Angle / Window
MV	Mitral valve	Left lateral	PLAX, Apical 4-chamber
AML	Anterior mitral leaflet	Left lateral	PLAX
PML	Posterior mitral leaflet	Left lateral	PLAX
AV	Aortic valve	Supine / Left lateral	PLAX, PSAX, Apical 5-chamber
PV	Pulmonary valve	Supine	PSAX pulmonary level
TV	Tricuspid valve	Supine	Apical 4-chamber, RV inflow
ATL	Anterior tricuspid leaflet	Supine	Apical 4-chamber
PTL	Posterior tricuspid leaflet	Supine	Apical 4-chamber
STL	Septal tricuspid leaflet	Supine	Apical 4-chamber

Abbreviation	Meaning	Recommended Position	Probe Angle / Window
Ao	Aorta	Supine	PLAX, Suprasternal
AA	Abdominal aorta	Supine	Subcostal / Abdominal US
AAr	Aortic arch	Supine	Suprasternal notch, TEE
DAo	Descending aorta	Supine	Suprasternal, TEE
IVC	Inferior vena cava	Supine	Subcostal long-axis
SVC	Superior vena cava	Supine	Subcostal / TEE
PA	Pulmonary artery	Supine	PSAX great vessels
MPA	Main pulmonary artery	Supine	PSAX pulmonary bifurcation
LPA	Left pulmonary artery	Supine	PSAX pulmonary bifurcation
RPA	Right pulmonary artery	Supine	PSAX pulmonary bifurcation

Abbreviation	Meaning	Recommended Position	Probe Angle / Window
LPV	Left pulmonary vein	Supine	Apical 4-chamber (posterior tilt)
LSPV	Left superior pulmonary vein	Supine	TEE upper esophageal
RPV	Right pulmonary vein	Supine	Apical 4-chamber, TEE

Abbreviation	Meaning	Recommended Position	Probe Angle / Window
LCC	Left coronary cusp	Supine	PSAX at aortic valve
RCC	Right coronary cusp	Supine	PSAX at aortic valve
NC	Noncoronary cusp	Supine	PSAX at aortic valve
CS	Coronary sinus	Supine	Apical 4-chamber (inferior tilt), Subcostal

Abbreviation	Meaning	Recommended Position	Probe Angle / Window
IAS	Interatrial septum	Supine	Apical 4-chamber, Subcostal
IVS	Interventricular septum	Left lateral	PLAX, Apical 4-chamber

Abbreviation	Meaning	Recommended Position	Probe Angle / Window
PM	Papillary muscles	Left lateral	Apical 2-chamber, PLAX
APM	Anterior papillary muscles	Left lateral	Apical 2-chamber
PPM	Posterior papillary muscles	Left lateral	Apical 2-chamber
MB	Moderator band	Supine	Apical 4-chamber (RV)
E	Esophagus	Supine	TEE views
RBCA	Right brachiocephalic artery	Supine	Suprasternal
LCCA	Left common carotid artery	Supine	Suprasternal
LSCA	Left subclavian artery	Supine	Suprasternal
LK	Left kidney	Supine	Abdominal US
R-L	Right lung	Supine	Thoracic / Subcostal